1667

Item 1667

OTHER: Aircraft - PropRotor - AeroVantage - 2x4 Overview [Scale]

to Full-size

Drawing:

Bill of Material 1667 ~ Final Assembly - for the 1/8 scale.

Objective:

The scale model can be used for research and development at a lower price then that of a full-size.

The scale model may be a perfect size for a UAV.

Some musings about a UAV.

A UAV can have much less parasitic drag than a manned craft because the batteries can go in the wings (where the lift is) and without the pilot the fuselage will have a much smaller flat plate area. It is the cruise that will be the higher consumer of power and this will tend to balance the hover power and the cruise power.

Consider starting with a 1/2-scale 2 proprotors, 2 motors, 2 vary-pitch, 1 tilt mechanism, and assembly.

The initial testing will not require radio control or batteries etc.
This could eventually become a 1/2-scale UAV.

Complete Scale Model to be 1/8th scale

How Much Power Do You Need to Fly? [for airplanes, not helicopters]. From http://www.ozrcflying.com/archive/2007_01_01_archive.html

To figure out the power you need to fly a model depends on the weight of the model, and the type of model it is, as well as what you want from it.

In one of those quaint exposures of the inadequacies of the Imperial measures system which the US still cherishes this is normally expressed as Watts (a metric unit) per pound (an imperial unit). For those that want to work with a measurement system that makes sense, one pound equals approximately 450g for the numbers below.

50-70 Watts per 450g - Minimum for reasonable performance flight. Slow flyers and slow park flyers
70-90 Watts per 450g - Slow flying scale models, Trainers.
90-120 Watts per 450g - Sports aerobatic. Fast scale models.
120-150 Watts per 450g - Advanced aerobats. High Speed Models. Excellent Vertical performance. (1,000/450) * 120 = 267W/Kg, (1,000/450) * 150 = 333W/Kg
150+ Watts - Very High Speed, Unlimited Vertical Performance.

Note - You must include the weight of all the plane's components in your calculations - anything that leaves the ground with the plane needs to be included - batteries, the engine, speed controller, etc.

So, if you have a 900g delta wing, that you want to have unlimited vertical performance, you are going to have to try and generate 300w (900/450 = 2, 2 x 150 = 300).

If you have a slow flying scale plane that weights 350g then you need to try and generate a minimum of 54 watts (350/450 = 0.77, 0.77 x 70 = 54).

Scaling:

UniCopter (w/ 2 rotors) Scaled to AeroVantage (w/ 4 rotors) Comparison for General Reference:

Note that this is for the fairly efficient rotor (low disk loading), not that of a propeller, or the actual in-between.

	Full scale:	1/2 scale:	1/3 scale:	1/4 scale:	1/8 scale:	1/10 scale:
Gross Weight (lb)	1325	160	50	21	2.6 lb; (1,182 g)	1.325
Rotor Radius - Front (ft)	4.2	2.1	1.4	1.0	0.52	0.42
Rotor Radius - Rear (ft)	3.3	1.7	1.1	0.82	0.41	0.33
Disk Area per Rotor - Front: (ft²)	55.4	13.9	6.2	3.5	0.87	0.55
Disk Area per Rotor - Rear: (ft²)	34.2	8.6	3.8	2.1	0.52	0.34
Total Disk Area - 4 rotors: (ft²)	179	45	20	11.2	2.78	1.78
Average Disk Loading: (lb/ft²) ⁽⁴⁾	7.4	3.6	2.5	1.88	0.93	0.74
Total Power: (HP) ^{(1) (6)}	165	20.6hp ≈ 15,361W	6.1hp ≈ 4,549W	2.58hp ≈ 1,924W	0.322hp ≈ 340W	0.165hp ≈ 123W
Total Power: (HP) ^{(1) (5) (6)}	165	14.6hp ≈ 10,872W	3.52hp ≈ 2,625W	1.28hp ≈ 954W	0.114hp ≈ 85W	0.052hp ≈ 39W
Power (HP) Avg. Each of 4 motors	41	5.2 ~ 3.6	1.53 ~ 0.9	0.64 ~ 0.32; 477W ~ 239W	0.08hp ~ 0.03hp; 85W ~ 22W	0.04hp ~ 0.013hp; 31W ~ 10W
Rotor RRPM: See below	x	x	x	x	See below	x
Tip Speed: <0.7M. See below	x	x	x	x	x	x
Wing Span: (ft)	28.67	14.33	9.57	7.17	3.58	2.87
Overall Length in Hover Config.: (ft)	20.33	10.16	6.76	5.08	2.54	2.03

Note that this value must be divided by 4 amongst 4 proprotors.

Note that this value must be divided by 2 amongst 4 proprotors.

These values are for the mean radius (to be adjusted by note 4 below). The front proprotor will have a 10% larger diameter and the aft proprotor will have a 10% smaller diameter.

This may be higher than desired. Perhaps the diameter of the rotors should be increased. This is due to the fact that we are talking electric propulsion.

p = (l /L)^7/2 x P: p is power. l/L is the scale of the model. P is power of the full-size craft = 165hp. New fore and aft PropRotor requirements will come from AeroVantage - PropRotor - Disk - Load Balancing in Hover

Example; 100hp and 1/10 scale is P = (1/10)^7/2 x 100 = (0.1)^3.5 x 10^-2 = 3.16 * 10^-2 ≈ 0.032hp ≈ 24W.

165hp and 1/2 scale is P = (1/2)^7/2 x 165 = (0.5)^3.5 x 165 = 0.088 * 165 ≈ 14.58hp ≈ 10,872W

165hp and 1/3 scale is P = (1/3)^7/2 x 165 = (0.333)^3.5 x 165 = 0.021 * 165 ≈ 3.52hp ≈ 2,625W

165hp and 1/4 scale is P = (1/4)^7/2 x 165 = (0.25)^3.5 x 165 = 0.008 * 165 ≈ 1.28hp ≈ 954W

165hp and 1/8 scale is P = (1/8)^7/2 x 165 = (0.125)^3.5 x 165 = 0.0007 * 165 ≈ 0.114hp ≈ 85W

165hp and 1/10 scale is P = (1/10)^7/2 x 165 = (0.1)^3.5 x 165 = 0.0003 * 165 ≈ 0.052hp ≈ 39W

The power is based on the weight of the UniCopter, which has a disk loading of 3.5 to 4 lb/ft². It must be remembered that the disk loading is much higher on the AeroVantage. Therefore the power to hover (or the terminal speed in autorotation) in the AeroVantage will be greater than the UniCopter. This means the AeroVantage's actual weight must be less and/or the disk area increased and/or larger motors be utilized.

Considerations regarding a half-scale of only the; 2 proprotors, 2 motors, 2 variable pitch, and one for & aft tilt mechanism.

The power required for one side of a 1/2-scale will be 21 / 2 = 10.5 hp. The available power for household circuit: 220 V * 15 A = 3600 W. 3600 W / 735 = 4.9 HP, This means that 4 double circuits will be required.
The present house (@ 2595) has a 200 A main. Is this at 110 V or 220 V?
The bigger the craft the greater the financial loss due to failures during testing; by up to 8 times per change of above scale.

Considerations regarding PropRotor RPM

The tip speed of the tip should be <0.7 M, which is <761fps, which is <1,392,132 cm/min. For the 1/8-scale, the diameter of the front rotor will be 160 * 2/10 = 32cm for a 101cm circumference, and the diameter of the rear rotor will be 125 * 2/10 = 25 cm for a 79cm circumference. The speed of the front rotor will be <13,783 rpm and the rear rotor will be <17,622 rpm.

For 0.6M the front rotor will be 11,814 rpm and the rear rotor will be 15,104 rpm.

AXI General Information:

In the catalog on the AXI site the weight of an airplane with the EVP props is about 2/3 of the weight of a 3D airplane. Is this because the craft with EVP will be more demanding or is it that the EVP props are symmetrical and therefor less efficient?

The batteries that are suggested by AXI for both the 2212/26 and the 2212/34 are 3s1200mAh; per motor

Notes Related to RC Forum thread A New 1000mm Quad Copter Design

Here is the parts list:

Qty 1 Dammar Brushless PWB - $ 375 (MDammar@spectrolutions.com)

Spectrolutions Inc.

Qty 4 TP2410-09 Brushless Outrunner with mount - $26

http://www.unitedhobbies.com/UNITEDHOBBIES/store/uh_viewItem.asp?idProduct=5111

TP2410-09
Dimensions: 31 x 62mm
Weight: 64.5g
Voltage: 10v (2~3 cell lipo)
Idle Current: .5A
Kv: 840RPM/V
Shaft: 3mm (Can use 3mm prop saver if you wish)
Max Efficiency: 8.4A
Max Load: 13.5A
Max Power: 104W
Suggested Prop: 9*4.7 / Slow Fly 1047

Qty 4 HW_P10A 10 Amp ESC - $58

http://xtremerctx.com/product_info.php?products_id=40&osCsid=1e60b7ea11da3921411cc8431b221658

Qty 2 8mm Carbon Fiber Square Tubing - $19

http://www.hobby-lobby.com/carbonfiber.htm

Qty 2 EPP1045 10x4.5 Props (Set of 2 counter rotating) - $8

http://www.rctoys.com/rc-toys-and-parts/MPI-EPP1045/RC-PARTS-APC-PROPELLERS.html

Qty 4 MPI ACC363 3.00 mm Prop Saver - $2

Misc Alum sheet (.025" & .050"), 4-40 screws/nuts, Alum 1" square tubing, Velcro - $12

Total = $ 500

Another:

A New 1000mm Quad Copter

R/C Information: Perhaps put on its own page.

Books Etc.:

Modelling and Control of Mini-Flying Machines

Miscellaneous:

Vertiplane
RC Groups ~ Quad Tilt Rotor - Build Log
Gress Aerospace
Hoverplane; Patent 6,665,631 Have hard copy.

Components:

The AXi Model Motors Home Page

Watt Meter:

http://progressiverc.com/Research.html from here http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=764984

External links from Wikipedia ~ Quadrotor

A Small Semi-Autonomous Rotary-Wing Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) - Have hard copy.

This is a much large paper than the one above. A SMALL SEMI-AUTONOMOUS ROTARY-WING UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE - Looks interesting It is save on E: drive as HanfordThesis2005.pdf

Workup for Aerodynamic Interaction of Fore and Aft PropRotors, Plus Wing:

For motors see CNC_0018.html

For power supply (24V) see CNC_0076.html Omron S82K-10024, 24VDC:

Same page in 1x2:

OTHER: Aircraft - VTOL - AeroVantage - Scale 1x2 Overview

Initially displayed: January 30, 2008 ~ Latest revision; September 2, 2009

The above utility invention is openly and publicly disclosed on the Internet to negate an entity from patenting it, to the exclusion of all others whom may wish to use it. ~ Reference patent law 35 U.S.C. 102 A person shall be entitled to a patent unless - (a) the invention was known ... by others in this country, ..., before the invention thereof by the applicant for patent.

Commercially Available RC Vehicles

Open Source Vehicles

Research Projects