B233
MAKE: SynchroLite ~
Control - Flight - DirectionalThe following information looks more like DESIGN then MAKE
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Calculations and Considerations Related to Desired Yaw Rate
Coefficient of Yaw - Method A
Assumption: All helicopters are quite similar in physical layout, therefore the ratio of moment-of-inertia between different helicopters should be quite close to the ratio of gross-weight between different helicopters.
If the above is true then is possible to evaluate comparative yaw rates between helicopters by comparing their Coefficients of Yaw.
This Coefficient of Yaw would be: ([total tail rotor thrust] x [arm from mast to tail rotor] x [percentage of total tail rotor thrust available above that required to compensate for main rotor torque at maximum drive]) / [gross weight of helicopter]
Coefficient of Yaw - Method B
Calculate the desired helicopter's values at maximum vertical lift.
Take the average of the Coefficient of Lift from the Blade element calculations.
Divide it by the average of the Coefficient of Drag from the Blade element calculations.
Multiply the rotor thrust by the above figure and this should give the rotor torque that must be overcome by the tail rotor.
Outside Helicopters
Rotorway
Method - A
A Rotorway tail rotor produces at maximum about 20 lbs of thrust. (from GR)
The construction manual says the tail rotor blade should have 24 degrees pitch one way and 8 degrees in the negative direction. So they are really saying it takes about 1/3 the force when not fighting the yaw. . (from GR)
Mast to tail rotor = 14 feet approx.
Gross weight = 1500 lbs.
The torque delivered by the tail rotor = 20 * 14 = 280 ft-lb.
If 2/3 of the above is used to compensate for rotor torque then
This gives a excess-torque to weight ratio of (33% *280)/1500 = 0.061
Method - B
Blade radius = 12.5 feet.
70% of R = 8.75 feet
CL/CD from my blade element calculations for Rotorway is approx. 45.
There for the rotor drag will be (1500/45) * 8.75 = 289 ft-lb.
Is my thinking in the above 4 lines correct? I don't think so.
Indian
Tail rotor: Airfoil - Profile 0012, Chord 4" to 3" (tapered), 18.5" span with 2.5" cutout.
Arm (mast to tail rotor) = 8 feet approx.
Tail rotor PTO is before 3.6:1 gearbox there for if rotor is turning at 500 rpm then the tail rotor is turning at 1800 rpm.
Tail rotor thrust = 15.7 lbs (this has been calculated using main rotor disk program)
Torque = 125.6 ft-lbs
If about 20-25% more power has been included to his tail rotor to give yaw.
If the helicopter's gross weight is about 550 pounds. This gives a excess-torque to weight ratio of (25% *125.6)/550 = 0.057 (approximately)
Fred Struchen
Before building his tail rotor assembly, Fred applied full lift and torque to his helicopter, as if it was lifting off. He hooked a scale to a cord which was attached to the tail boom 12 feet back from the mast, where he planned to put the tail rotor. He said that the pull was 25 pound. This is a torque of 300 ft-lbs. He added about 20-25% more power to his tail rotor to give yaw. His helicopter's gross weight is about 750 pounds. This gives a excess-torque to weight ratio of (25% *300)/750 = 0.1
SynchroLite:
The SynchroLite rotor disks alone should give about 58 ft-lb of torque (see calculations and large type note below)
58/550 = .105. This may be OK.
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Maximum pitch on blades for yaw should be + & - 7 degrees. See 0199.
Maximum Torque about Z-axis (Yaw) by Full Left Pedal
From Rotors
Blade pitch (theta) for hover out of ground effect and maximum yaw (in degrees)
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Left Rotor |
Right Rotor |
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Azimuth |
Theta |
Azimuth |
Theta |
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0 |
4.1 |
0 |
10 |
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90 |
7 |
90 |
7 |
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180 |
10 |
180 |
4.1 |
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270 |
7 |
270 |
7 |
The above is currently only 16 degrees of pedal travel , out of 25 degrees available.
Difference between 0 and 180 azimuth = 5.9 degrees
See [Rotor - LAYOUT - Blade/Blade Clearance; Item 0199]
Sin(6) * 550lbs = 57.5lbs
Rotor hub to helicopter centerline = 1.125'
Torque = 57.5 * 1.125 = 64 lb-ft.
[Note: The maximum negative longitudinal cyclic is -9 degrees. This means that the maximum yaw available from the rotors, even with the disks tipped outward more than the 25 degree mast angle, is Sin(9). Sin(9) * 550lbs = 86.0 lbs. Rotor hub to helicopter centerline = 1.125'. Torque = 86.0 * 1.125 = 97 lb-ft.] This means about 11 lb-ft of torque for every degree.
From Ruddervator
Ruddervator axles point down at 45 degrees from the horizontal.
At maximum yaw left ruddervator is pitched down 30 degrees.
At maximum yaw right ruddervator is pitched up 30 degrees.
Disk loading is 1.6251 lb/ft-sq.
Ruddervator dimensions are mid chord = 11"
Span = 21"
Area of both ruddervators, in plan view = ((11 * 21) / 144) * 2 fins = 3.2 ft-sq.
1.6251 * 3.2 = 5.2
sin(45) * 5.2 = 3.68
sin (30)* 3.68 = 1.84
(for ref. only) Masts centerline to ruddervator centerline = 6'
Ruddervator centerline to tail boom centerline = 0.875'
Torque = 1.84 * 0.875' = 1.61 lb-ft
Total torque = 66 lb-ft
Coefficient of lift / coefficient of drag is 44
If average of rotor force is at 70% of R and R is 8.66 ft.
then the force to nullify rotor torque on a single rotor helicopter would be (550 / 44) * 8.66 = 108.25 lb-ft. Is this thinking valid?
What percentage of maximum tail rotor thrust on a single rotor helicopter is used to counter rotor torque?
Opposed (Differential) Lateral Cyclic:
For reasons see:
DESIGN: SynchroLite ~ Rotor - Disk - Opposed (Differential) Lateral CyclicIf cable is used at pedals to turn tube can the ends of the cable go back to the ruddervator?
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From coding in form [Controls - Flight]
Public Function yaw_movement(Movement As Single) As Single
'To transfer inputs from the pilot's foot pedals (in inches) to the swashplate.
On Error GoTo yaw_movement_Err
'Yaw data
' = 25 '[deg.] '[Pedal Left] Maximum pedal travel. Value must be doubled for 2-way total.
' = 25 '[deg.] '[Pedal Right] Maximum pedal travel. Value must be doubled for 2-way total.
'?? Me.[Pedal Max] = 2 'Maximum pedal travel, at ball of foot, in inches.
' = 5.5319 '["] 'Distance - ball of foot to pedal pivot point.
' = 1.9998 '["] 'Length of arm on pedal.
' = 3.00 '["] 'Length of arm on forward end of yaw tube.
' = 1.3749 '["] 'Length of arm on rear end of yaw tube.
Movement = Movement * (2 / 5.5319) 'Pedal arm divided by foot arm.
Movement = Movement * (1.3749 / 3) 'Tube rear arm divided by tube front arm.
'## The following is covered by Function swashplate_movement_A() but the longitudinal arm may change.
'##??Movement = Movement * (2.375 / 3.125) 'Swashplate radii
yaw_movement = Movement 'Movement in inches at mixer box.
yaw_movement_Exit:
Exit Function
yaw_movement_Err:
MsgBox Err.Description
Resume yaw_movement_Exit
End Function
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Last Revised: January 24, 2005